Nikita Ivanovich Martos

In this work Nikita Ivanovich Martos has portrayed the famous St. Petersburg Stock Exchange, which would have been one of the newest and most significant architectural sights in St. Petersburg, when this watercolour was executed. Martos was an architect and this is reflected in his illustration, in which the Stock Exchange is depicted in a much tighter and more finished manner than the surrounding area. The boats and figures in the foreground, for instance, are only sketchily drawn whereas attention has clearly been given to ensuring the architectural accuracy of the work. Martos’ primary aim in the work is clearly to depict the Stock Exchange and rest of the work is there to contextualise it, within St. Petersburg as a whole.

The Old Stock Exchange in St. Petersburg, and the Rostral Columns which stand in front of it, were designed by the French architect Jean-François Thomas de Thomon (1754-1813) and completed in 1811. Given that Martos died two years later in France, this watercolour must be a very early view of the building. The Old Stock Exchange is sited on the spit of Vasilievsky Island, so that it looks out over the River Neva to the Winter Palace on the opposite bank. Thomon’s design for the Stock Exchange is a fine example of neo-Classical architecture and is inspired by the Greek Temple of Hera at Paestum. Forty-four Doric columns support a decorative entablature, filled with triglyphs and metopes and crowned by a magnificent sculpture of Neptune. The portico is framed by two rostral columns, decorated with representations of the major rivers of Russia, and the surmounted by braziers, so that the columns acted as beacons, as can be seen in the present work.

The Old Stock Exchange can be considered a key part of the neo-Classical building program that dominated architectural developments in St. Petersburg in the first part of the nineteenth-century. Under Tsars Alexander I (1777-1825) and Nicholas I (1796-1855) ‘Catherine the Great’s dreams of a utopia in Neoclassical garb containing the entire living environment of European Russia became actuality, as a result of strict legislative control of architecture and urban planning’.¹ This building program would obviously have played a key role in Martos’ career as an architect and his interest in the ‘leading architectural example of neo-Classical St. Petersburg’ is clear from this watercolour.² The changing face of St. Petersburg was recorded by a number of artists, including Martos, and so there are a large number of contemporary works comparable to the present watercolour.

Unfortunately very little is known about Martos’ life, as his career ended prematurely and is overshadowed by his famous father, Ivan Petrovich Martos (1754-1835), one of the foremost Russian sculptors of his time, who was one of the leading proponents of neo-Classicism and was patronised by the Tsars.

¹ Shvidkovskiĭ, D. O., Russian Architecture and the West (Yale University Press, 2007) p. 291.
² ibid. pp. 296-297.